![]() The cost of the project proved much simpler to calculate. Rather, their willingness to pay provided a theoretical foundation on the societal worth or benefit of a project. It should be reiterated that Dupuit was not suggesting that the government perfectly price-discriminate and charge each user exactly what they would pay. ![]() Some users may be willing to pay nearly nothing, others much more, but the sum of these would shed light on the benefit of it. By taking the sum of each user's willingness to pay, Dupuit illustrated that the social benefit of the thing (bridge or road or canal) could be measured. He determined that the best method of measuring utility is by learning one's willingness to pay for something. Jules Dupuit pioneered this approach by first calculating "the social profitability of a project like the construction of a road or bridge" In an attempt to answer this, Dupuit began to look at the utility users would gain from the project. The concept of CBA dates back to an 1848 article by Jules Dupuit, and was formalized in subsequent works by Alfred Marshall. History French engineer and economist Jules Dupuit, credited with the creation of cost–benefit analysis Interest groups may attempt to include (or exclude) significant costs in an analysis to influence its outcome. ![]() ![]() Comparative studies indicate that such estimates are often flawed, preventing improvements in Pareto and Kaldor–Hicks efficiency. The value of a cost–benefit analysis depends on the accuracy of the individual cost and benefit estimates. Although CBA can offer an informed estimate of the best alternative, a perfect appraisal of all present and future costs and benefits is difficult perfection, in economic efficiency and social welfare, is not guaranteed. Assuming an accurate CBA, changing the status quo by implementing the alternative with the lowest cost–benefit ratio can improve Pareto efficiency. Generally, accurate cost–benefit analysis identifies choices which increase welfare from a utilitarian perspective. This allows the ranking of alternative policies in terms of a cost–benefit ratio. CBA helps predict whether the benefits of a policy outweigh its costs (and by how much), relative to other alternatives. It is an analysis of the expected balance of benefits and costs, including an account of any alternatives and the status quo. Other related techniques include cost–utility analysis, risk–benefit analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact analysis, and social return on investment (SROI) analysis.Ĭost–benefit analysis is often used by organizations to appraise the desirability of a given policy. Benefits and costs in CBA are expressed in monetary terms and are adjusted for the time value of money all flows of benefits and costs over time are expressed on a common basis in terms of their net present value, regardless of whether they are incurred at different times. To provide a basis for comparing investments (or decisions), comparing the total expected cost of each option with its total expected benefits.ĬBA is related to cost-effectiveness analysis.To determine if an investment (or decision) is sound, ascertaining if – and by how much – its benefits outweigh its costs.Securities and Exchange Commission must conduct cost-benefit analyses before instituting regulations or deregulations. ![]() It is commonly used to evaluate business or policy decisions (particularly public policy), commercial transactions, and project investments. A CBA may be used to compare completed or potential courses of action, and to estimate or evaluate the value against the cost of a decision, project, or policy. It is used to determine options which provide the best approach to achieving benefits while preserving savings in, for example, transactions, activities, and functional business requirements. Systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternativesĬost–benefit analysis ( CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives. ![]()
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![]() ![]() You can drag and drop items in the rows/columns/values/filters boxes and it will instantly update the results. Even when you have thousands of rows of data, a pivot table is super fast in summarizing the data. The reason a pivot cache gets generated is to optimize the pivot table functioning. When you create different views using a Pivot Table, Excel does not go back to the data source, rather it uses the Pivot Cache to quickly analyze the data and give you the summary/results. Excel takes a snapshot of the data and stores it in its memory. ![]() To use a Pivot Table efficiently, it’s important to know the components that create a pivot table.Īs soon as you create a Pivot Table using the data, something happens in the backend. Also read: 10 Excel Pivot Table Keyboard Shortcuts The Nuts & Bolts of an Excel Pivot Table Now before we jump into analyzing data using this Pivot Table, let’s understand what are the nuts and bolts that make an Excel Pivot Table. All you’d see is the Pivot Table name and a single line instruction on the left, and Pivot Table Fields on the right. While the Pivot Table has been created, you’d see no data in it. Else, a new worksheet is created with the Pivot Table.Īs soon as you click OK, a new worksheet is created with the Pivot Table in it. If you want to create the Pivot Table in a specific location, under the option ‘Choose where you want the PivotTable report to be placed’, specify the Location.If your data has no blank rows/columns, Excel would automatically identify the correct range. Table/Range: It’s filled in by default based on your data set.Here are a couple of things to check in it: In the Create Pivot Table dialog box, the default options work fine in most of the cases.Here are the steps to create a pivot table using the data shown above: Let’s go ahead and create a Pivot Table using the data set (shown above). Hopefully, now you have an idea of why Pivot Tables are so awesome. It’s so simple, you may as well take a few minutes and show your boss how to do it himself. Within seconds, a Pivot Table will answer all these questions (as you’ll learn below).īut the real benefit is that it can accommodate your finicky data-driven boss by answering his questions immediately. This is where Excel Pivot Tables comes in really handy. You’ll have to go back to the data and create new formulas every time there is a change. You can go ahead and use Excel functions to give you the answers to these questions, but what if suddenly your boss comes up with a list of five more questions. How did The Home Depot’s performance compare against other retailers in the South?. ![]()
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS Washable and reusable double-sided tape that holds things in place without slipping. 2 Rolls Double Sided Tape Heavy Duty Waterproof Mounting Foam Tape Adhesive Tape Double Stick Tape Black Double Sided Tape for Office Decor, Home Decor, Car Decor. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Strangely, this can mean cheaper VED than near-identical UK market models. If you’re importing a car yourself, or through a specialist, and it’s over 10 years old it only has to pass a British MoT and emissions test to drive on UK roads. ![]() In the face of customer demand some of these – like the Nissan and Suzuki – were subsequently officially imported by their manufacturers into the UK.ĭepending on the age of the car there are certain rules and regulations to consider before buying a freshly imported JDM car and having it registered. Meanwhile others still are cars never originally seen in UK showrooms, ranging from icons like the Nissan Skyline to quirkier models like the Suzuki Cappuccino or Mazda Bongo Friendee camper. The classic Subaru Impreza is a good example of this, with high-performance WRX and STI models highly sought after by enthusiasts for their extra performance over the Turbo versions sold here. Other JDM cars may be variants of cars we knew here that simply weren’t available on the UK market. The first-generation Mazda MX-5 was known as the Eunos Roadster in Japan, for instance, but they were pretty much identical, and many on British roads were imported as used cars at some point in their lives. A JDM car can be more-or-less identical to versions sold here, even if it was sold under a different name. Here are some of our favourites.Ī Japanese Domestic Market car is one built for and originally delivered new in Japan, and then subsequently exported as a used vehicle to another country. While performance models dominate some of the quirkier and less conventional JDM cars built for Japanese tastes have also found homes and an enthusiastic fanbase here in the UK. Through the late 90s and into the early 2000s this went hand in hand with modding culture but, as owners have matured, collectors are increasingly chasing the few remaining cars that survive in original condition. Fuelled by games like the original Gran Turismo (first launched in 1997) and movies like Fast and Furious, awareness of high-performance models from Nissan, Toyota, Mazda, Honda and Mitsubishi grew to cult status, and drove what were known as ‘grey imports’ of desirable cars enthusiasts craved from Japan. Traditionally, though, the JDM scene tends to focus on specialist cars that weren’t originally sold here. For collectors chasing dwindling supplies of classic Porsches, Ferraris and other European exotica this is obviously attractive, along with the fact cars from Japan tend to be well maintained and less rusty than ones that have lived on our salty roads. But why go to the bother?įirstly, there’s the convenience of Japanese cars also being right-hand drive vehicles, so unlike importing from Europe or America the car is geared up for driving on UK roads. Searches for JDM cars are up on Auto Trader but what exactly are they and why is there such a fanbase? In simple terms ‘JDM’ stands for Japanese Domestic Market, and refers to cars originally sold in Japan but since imported to the UK for a second life on the other side of the world. ![]() ![]() Rip-Rap-Rippity-Rap this track turns MC Zombie into a bigger, badder, and deffer microphone-twirling scritch-scratching adversary and the Breakdancing Zombie is ready to kick zombies forward with the freshness.Ī large flat television with speakers on both sides drops above the lawn, showing Dr. In the Chinese version, chills all zombies instead. Reduce 20% speed of all zombies and empowers Glitter Zombies. ![]() Lights will begin to illuminate the floor and neon lights will start flashing through the lawn, albeit transparent. Synth Pop hooks and an unhinged rhythm engages Glitter Zombie’s rainbow trail in an invincible shield protecting zombies in her wake.Ī disco ball drops above the lawn, suspended in the air. Increases the speed of every zombie by 50% and empowers Punk Zombies. This hardcore jam finds Punk Zombies moshing and kicking plants across the board to a chorus of “Oi” and anarchy.įire trails identical to Jalapeno will scorch the top and bottom of the lawn. Nothing happens to zombies' speed or abilities. No aesthetic changes across the lawn while this song plays. Stunned plants can still be boosted with Plant Food, allowing them to break free from the jam and plants placed after the jam starts are unaffected, except if there is another Boombox Zombie that will extend the duration of the music afterwards.īelow is a list of jam's corresponding descriptionĪ smooth and mellow groove that sets the stage for the incoming backyard zombie invasion tour. When it reaches the sixth column, it interrupts all jams and tranquillizes all plants on the lawn except Phat Beet, underground plants, instant-use plants and plants that are planted after its jam has triggered. Furthermore, it can continuously slam its guitar and send out shockwaves at any time, even if there are no plants in front of it to smash. ![]() When it slams its guitar on the ground, the instrument generates a shockwave that travels across the lawn and deals 1000 DPS to the first plant it reaches. This does not need to be alive for the machine to still function consequently, as long as its arcade machine is still functional, 8-bit zombies will continue to spawn when the 8-bit jam is playing. The 8-bit jam does not affect the Arcade Zombie. Its arcade machine can spawn 8-Bit Zombies that appear in Basic, Conehead and Buckethead variants. Gains a speed boost and kicks groups of zombies that come close to roughly 1.5 tiles forward. Spins its microphone in a 3x3 area that deals 2005 damage on a plant, which is enough to take out non-defensive plants in one hit. Glitter Zombie also gains the ability to instantly kill plants (provided that they are not instants, low to the ground, or underground), which it simply runs down with its skates. Generates a rainbow trail that protects zombies (besides other Glitter Zombies and Zombot Multi-stage Masher) in a 1x3 area behind it from most attacks as well as negative effects. If there aren't empty tiles behind that plant for it to land, it will be kicked out of the lawn. It doesn't have special effect on any zombies.īegins to mosh and pushes the plant back to the nearest open space. Plays during the seed selection screen and the beginning of the level. 5.1 Specific to the Chinese version (China only). ![]() ![]() Please see our webpage on the Retired & Annuitant Pay website for current typical processing time frames: How Long Does It Take? Processing Time Frames - How Long Does It Take? The local phone number to reach Retired & Annuitant Pay Customer Service changed. Retired & Annuitant Pay Customer Service Local Phone Number Changed 3, 2023 payment.įor details, see the Fiscal Year 2023 COLA Memorandum: 30, 2022 payment and annuitants in their Jan. Retirees will see the change in their Dec. Please consult a tax professional or the IRS.īased on the increase in the Consumer Price Index, there will be an 8.7 percent Cost of Living Adjustment (COLA) for most retired pay and Survivor Benefit Plan annuities effective Dec. Please see our webpage regarding taxation of retired pay. Please note: the IRS requires any individual claiming exemption from federal withholding to provide a new Form W-4 at the beginning of each tax year certifying their exemption from withholding. Ultimately, the IRS will determine the amount of taxes owed on the military retired pay. Whether a portion or all of an individual’s military retired pay is subject to federal income taxes depends on his/her individual circumstances.Ī military retiree can either use myPay or send an IRS Form W-4 to alter the amount DFAS withholds for federal income taxes from their military retired pay.Īn individual’s choice to have no withholding for federal taxes does not impact whether the individual’s military retired pay is actually subject to federal income taxes. ![]() There are differences in the types of pay a military retiree might receive and the tax laws that apply to them. Military retired pay is paid for many different reasons under many different laws. The online 1099-R reissue tool also accepts international addresses. Retirees and annuitants can request a 1099-R reissue online. In many cases, the electronic online forms were available through myPay ( ) much earlier and more securely than those sent to customers electing delivery by mail.ġ099-R Reissues can be sent beginning February 10, 2023. ![]() Postal Service were in the mail prior to January 31, 2023. 15, 2022Ģ022 tax statements for former spouses were available in myPay as of Dec. 15, 2022Ģ022 tax statements for annuitants were available in myPay as of Dec. Retirees and Annuitants: 2022 Tax Year Statements 2022 tax statements for retirees were available in myPay as of Dec. Spouses and Former Spouses Applying for the Survivor Benefit Plan Please see our “Start an Annuity” webpage for important information about the DD Form 2656-7 to start an SBP annuity. See our Quick Reference Guide on the SBP Optional Child Annuity special focus webpage The 2023 Change to the Active Duty/Line of Duty Optional Annuity for Dependent Children is Here - First Payday was February 1, 2023 See our full range of FAQs on the SBP-DIC News webpage. SBP-DIC Offset Phased Elimination - First Payment for Phase Three was February 1, 2023 Please check our special focus webpage for news and information: It also allows for eligible member and former members who are currently enrolled in either SBP or RCSBP to permanently discontinue their SBP coverage.ĭFAS is working to prepare the forms, policies and processes required to facilitate this SBP Open Season. The SBP Open Season allows for retirees receiving retired pay, eligible members, or former members awaiting retired pay who are currently NOT enrolled in SBP or RCSBP (Reserve Component Survivor Benefit Plan) to enroll. The SBP Open Season began December 23, 2022 and ends on January 1, 2024. The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2023 includes a Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP) Open Season. ![]() NDAA 2023 SBP Open Season – Enrollment Form Now Available - See Our Special Focus Webpage: Annuitant payments will be made as scheduled on August 1, 2023. Retiree payments will be made as scheduled on August 1, 2023. Retiree and Annuitant Pay Dates - See the pay schedule here MyPay - The quickest and most convenient way to manage your retired or annuity pay is with myPay: ĪskDFAS - Helpful questions and answers about your retired or annuitant pay Retirees and annuitants are encouraged to contact your branch of service retiree service organization for in-person assistance. Please note: DFAS does not have in-person service centers at any of our locations. There are several ways to contact DFAS Retired and Annuitant Pay: online, via mail or fax, or by calling our Customer Care Center. ![]() ![]() ![]() So if you’re most impacted during this lunation, take a pause. This energy prompts us to slow down, reflect, and evaluate our relationships rather than take action. Mercury retrograde, which has a tendency to meddle in our daily routine and wreak havoc, arrives just before September’s full moon. “In the days leading up to the full moon, we definitely have some frustrating aspects playing out in the cosmos, but this full moon is going to soften and soothe any tension or hardships,” Ryan Marquardt, an astrologer, tells Bustle.Īnd sensitive Piscean energy is only part of the lunar forecast. This is a great time to bury the hatchet, release negativity, and look forward to a new chapter of hope.īut don’t let that intimidate you - overall, this lunation is a great time to sit still, reset, and daydream. This is major mutable energy as we march into the new season. And for the few zodiac signs most affected by the September 2022 full moon, this happy-go-lucky lunation prompts them to acknowledge the boundary between fact and fiction.Īccording to the Farmer’s Almanac, we call this lunation a Harvest moon since it’s the full moon closest to the fall equinox, which kicks off Libra season on Sept. 10, la Luna is illuminating our wildest dreams, but even with its pure intentions, it has the potential to come with the cost of delusion. And things are only going to get more disorienting thanks to the September 2022 full Harvest moon, as it ingresses into daydreaming Pisces. November was traditionally "the time to set beaver traps before the swamps froze, to ensure a supply of warm winter furs," according to the Farmer's Almanac.Astrologically speaking, there’s a lot of confusion in September. As the name suggests, this striking display coincides with the the first frosts on the ground, but it is also referred to as the Beaver Moon. November's full moon - Frost Moon (8th)Īs the weather starts to get chillier, we can expect to see the Frost Moon it all its glory on 18th November this year. It will appear on 9 th October this year. It's this light that traditionally made October the best time to hunt, hence the name. Although the Moon rises 50 minutes later each day, the Hunter's Moon usually rises 30 minutes later, which means that sunset and moonrise are closer together than normal. October's full moon - Hunter's Moon (9th)Īlso known as the Travel Moon and the Dying Moon, the Hunter's Moon is the name of October's full moon. This is particularly relevant around the time of the full Harvest moon, when there's little darkness between sunset and moonrise. It will appear on 16 th April.Īs for the name? It relates to the way the moon's light helped famers. It has also been called the full Sprouting Grass Moon, the Egg Moon and the Fish Moon, in reference to the time when fish swam upstream to spawn, says the Farmer's Almanac. Instead, it gets its name from the first wildflowers to bloom in North America in early spring. April's full moon - Pink Moon (16th)ĭespite the name, April's full moon isn't pink. It is also known as the Crow Moon, Sap Moon and Lenten Moon. This moon is linked to the start of spring, when earthworms surface and migrating birds return as the temperatures get warmer. The Worm Moon and third supermoon of the year will appear on 18th March. This year, the Snow Moon will occur on 16th February. As the The Old Farmer's Almanac notes, it has also been called the Hunger Moon because the cold weather made it difficult to hunt. The name of February's full moon refers to the heavy snowfall during this time in North America. SEE PICTURES February's full moon - Snow Moon (16th) This year, it will take place on the night of 17th January. The first full moon of the year is known as the Wolf Moon, in reference to the time when villagers would hear wolf packs howl in hunger. Matt Cardy // Getty Images January's full moon - Wolf Moon (17th) ![]() A Wolf Moon was pictured over Glastonbury Tor in January, 2017. ![]() |
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